NEW WEBSITE!!!!!

Well I have decided to make a new website to reorganize things and here it is:

https://sites.google.com/site/calvinbiolog/home

Immune system Quiz

The Question - QUIZ

An important defense against disease in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate, or destroy foreign substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves all of the following.

1. Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response
2. Activates T and B cells in response to an infection
3. Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent
4. Distinguishes self from nonself

1) The epithelial surfaces form a physical barrier that is very impermeable to most infectious agents.  Thus, our skin provides us with a barrier with a very low pH for any kind of bacteria to survive. Moreover, there are alot of bacteria (normal flora) already living on our skin therefore external bacteria has less space to inhabit on our skin. The response of non specific immune response is not antigen dependent and will work all the time, and there is an immediate maximal response and in the end it leaves no immunological memory. The fatty acids in sweat also inhibits the growth of bacteria. Lysozyme and phospholipase can break down bacterial structures. 

2) Our immune system activates B-cell immunity and T-cell immunity to fight off infections. Our body produces microphages to eat off antigens then it presents the shape through a chemical MHC2 to the T helper cell then the T helper cell can activate the B cell which is a humoral immunity cell that secretes antibodies to fight off the bacteria and also creates more microphages. On the other hand, the T helper cell also activates a killer T cell that is cell-mediated, meaning that these cells attack and kill the cells already in the body that are infected.


3) When antigens attack one's body, the naive B cells starts to clone itself for the specific antigen that is attacking the body. They then become plasma cells and many others become memory B cells which are stored for years in one's body to allow quick response when the same type of virus or bacteria attacks again. The paratope will recognize the same shape of the bacteria and thus killing it faster. The memory T cells are vaccination cells that gives the body a response the first time then allow the body to kill it faster when the bacteria actually comes. It can fight cancer and other invader cells.

4) The immune system distinguishes itself from foreign invaders by looking at the shapes of the epitopes on top of the antibodies and how they fight off different antigens. These shapes can be easily distinguished and if the shape of the antibody matches with shape of the epitopes of the antigen, then it will bind with it and activate the system. However, it is possible that the immune system identifies something that is helpful to the body as harmful for example a heart implant.

Digestive System

Digestive System

·         Glucose + Glucose = Maltose

·         Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

·         Insulin/ Glucagon = control blood glucose (made by pancreas)

·         Glucagon = alpha cells / Insulin = beta cells

·         Gluc = increases blood glucose level/ Insulin = opposite

·         Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by

·         Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose

·         Slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver

·         Promoting fat storage

• Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by 

• Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
• Stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

·         Diabetes Mellitus

§  Elevated blood glucose level

o   Type 1

§  Insulin dependent

§  Autoimmune disorder

§  Immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

o   Type 2

§  Non-insulin dependent

§  Insulin deficiency

§  Caused by diet/ genetics

The Connection

Great class today, Mr Quick explained to us how it all connected. And by that I mean the whole years materials all connected together. Starting from learning the new sliding fragment theory and how muscle contracts due to the Ca and the polar molecules in it we expanded our mind map into Homeostasis of calcium in one's body and then went on discussing the three main bone cells: osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte. And we linked this to the cell respiration and also how the process needed enzymes thus explaining protein synthesis. This whole class was just like a huge year round review and now I see the connections between all these topics and understand why we had to learn what we did in the first semester first. :)